Less than one in 10 people surveyed were able to name anything other than changing bowel habits and blood in stools as a potential symptom.
There was a similar lack of awareness about risk factors, with one in five mentioning a close relative having the disease and alcohol consumption affecting risk, but less than one in 10 could name any others.
Dr Emily Power, who led the study, said: "This reveals that the public's awareness is still stubbornly low.
"Public health initiatives to increase awareness of risk factors are essential and not only for lowering cancer risk. Improving attitudes towards healthy behaviour can go some way towards reducing other diseases triggered by unhealthy lifestyles."
A Department of Health spokesman said: "Bowel cancer is one of the biggest cancer killers in England and we know one of the main reasons is because too many people are diagnosed late.
"That is why we trialled a campaign earlier this year, to raise awareness of the key signs and symptoms and to encourage people with them to visit their GP. We hope to launch a wider campaign shortly.
"We are also investing £60 million over the next four years to fund flexible sigmoidoscopy - a new screening technique for people around 55 - which will help save 3,000 lives every year.